Bigenda bite ku bwonko bw’umuntu uri mu isanzure?

Mu gihe ibihugu bikomeye ku Isi bikomeje guhatanira kohereza abantu ku Kwezi no ku mubumbe wa Mars, abahanga mu by’ubuvuzi n’ubumenyi bw’ikirere batangiye kugaragaza ko ikibazo gikomeye kitari gusa kubaka ibyogajuru bikomeye cyangwa kubona lisansi ihagije, ahubwo ari uburyo ubwonko bw’umuntu bwihanganira ubuzima bwo mu isanzure.

Ubushakashatsi bushya bwerekanye ko iyo umuntu amaze igihe kinini mu isanzure, ubwonko bwe buhindura imiterere n’uburyo bukora kugira ngo bumenyere kubaho ahantu hatagira uburemere bw’Isi (microgravity). Nubwo iri hinduka rifasha umubiri gukomeza gukora neza mu isanzure, rishobora guteza ibibazo bikomeye igihe uwo muntu agarutse ku Isi cyangwa ageze ku yindi mibumbe ifite uburemere butandukanye n’ubwo yari amenyereye.

Mu myaka irenga miliyari enye y’ubwihindurize, umubiri w’umuntu wagiye uhinduka ugamije kubaho neza ku Isi. Buri gikorwa umuntu akora—nko kugenda, kwiruka, gusimbuka cyangwa guterura ikintu—giterwa n’uko ubwonko bwe bubara imbaraga z’uburemere bw’Isi mbere yo kohereza amabwiriza ku mikaya.

Mu ntangiriro z’ibihe by’ubushakashatsi bwo kohereza ibinyabuzima mu isanzure mu myaka ya 1950, abantu benshi bari bafite ubwoba ko kubaho ahatari uburemere byashoboraga gutuma amaraso ahagarika gutembera, amagufa agasenyuka cyangwa ubwonko bukagira ikibazo gikomeye.

Ibyo byaje guhakanywa n’ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku mbeba, ibitagangurirwa n’imbwa, hanyuma nyuma abantu na bo berekana ko bashobora kubaho mu isanzure igihe kirekire.

Umubiri uhinduka mu buryo butangaje

Umunyaburayi Luca Parmitano, umwe mu bamaze igihe kinini mu Kigo Mpuzamahanga Gikurikirana Isanzure (ISS), yavuze ko nyuma y’ibyumweru bike yumvise umubiri we umeze nk’uwundi muntu.

Yagize ati: “Amaguru aba yabaye mato kubera ko atagikoresha imbaraga nyinshi, mu gihe mu maso habyimba kuko amazi yo mu mubiri yimukira mu gice cyo hejuru.”

Ibi biterwa n’uko ku Isi uburemere bukurura amazi yose akamanuka, ariko mu isanzure amazi n’amaraso bikwirakwira mu mubiri mu buryo butandukanye.

Ni yo mpamvu abenshi mu bajya mu isanzure bagaragara bafite mu maso habyimbye ndetse amazuru ahora afunze nk’abarwaye ibicurane.

Amagufa n’imikaya bigenda bicika intege

Kubera ko nta mbaraga z’uburemere ziba zikiriho, amagufa n’imikaya ntibiba bigikora nk’uko bikorwa ku Isi.

Abahanga bavuga ko nyuma y’iminsi mike gusa umuntu ageze mu isanzure, amagufa atangira gutakaza calcium, mu gihe imikaya itangira kugabanuka.

Ndetse n’umutima, uba utakigomba gusunika amaraso uko wabikoraga ku Isi, na wo ugenda ugabanuka.

Ni yo mpamvu abajya mu isanzure bakora imyitozo nibura amasaha abiri buri munsi bakoresheje amagare, imashini zo kwiruka n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe byubatswe mu cyogajuru.

Ariko nubwo bakora iyo myitozo yose, iyo bagarutse ku Isi akenshi ntibashobora guhita bagenda. Benshi basohorwa mu byogajuru batwawe ku ngobyi, abandi bagafashwa guhagarara no gutambuka.

Abahanga bavuga ko hari igihe bifata imyaka ine kugira ngo amagufa ya bo yongere asubire ku rwego yari ariho mbere yo kujya mu isanzure.

Ikibazo gikomeye kiri mu bwonko

Mu gihe impinduka z’umubiri zizwi neza, impinduka ziba mu bwonko ni zo zikomeje gutangaza abahanga.

Muganga Alessandro Alcibiade wo mu Kigo cy’Uburayi gishinzwe iby’Isanzure (ESA) avuga ko ubwonko ari rwo rugingo rukomeye kurusha izindi zose.

Yagize ati: “Niba ubwonko budakora neza, nta cyo ibyogajuru bigezweho cyangwa imyitozo yose byakumarira”.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mujyana mu by’isanzure, Scott Kelly, wamaze umwaka umwe mu isanzure, bwerekanye ko nyuma yo kugaruka ku Isi ubushobozi bwe bwo gutekereza no gufata ibyemezo bwagabanutse mu gihe cy’amezi menshi mbere yo kongera gusubira uko bwahoze.

Ubwonko bwisubiramo nk’ubwiga ibintu bushya

Ubushakashatsi bushya bwakorewe ku bantu 377 bwerekanye ko ubwonko bwiyuburura kugira ngo bumenyere kubaho ahatari uburemere.

Abahanga bise iki gikorwa “neuroplasticity”, bivuze ubushobozi ubwonko bufite bwo kongera kwiyubaka no guhindura imikorere ya bwo bitewe n’ibidukikije.

Basanze ibice by’ubwonko bigenzura kugenda, kuringaniza umubiri, icyerekezo ndetse no kumenya aho ibice by’umubiri biherereye ari byo bihinduka cyane.

Ibi bisobanura impamvu mu minsi ya mbere abajya mu isanzure bakunda gukubita ku nkuta z’icyogajuru, gusunika ibintu cyane cyangwa kubifata nabi.

Ariko nyuma y’ibyumweru bike, ubwonko burabyimenyera maze bakongera gukora ibintu bisanzwe.

Ikibazo kizavuka ku mubumbe wa Mars

Abahanga bavuga ko ikibazo gikomeye kizagaragara igihe abantu bazatangira kujya kuri Mars. Urugendo rwo kuhagera rushobora kumara amezi hagati y’arindwi n’icyenda. Icyo gihe abazaba bagezeyo bazaba bamaze kumenyera kubaho nta buremere. Ariko Mars ifite uburemere bungana hafi na 38% by’ubwo ku Isi.

Ibyo bishobora gutuma no gusohoka mu cyogajuru cyangwa kugenda intambwe za mbere biba ikibazo gikomeye.

Niba ubwonko butarabasha kwihindura vuba, ashobora gukora amakosa mu gihe agwa cyangwa atwaye ibikoresho bikomeye.

Kuri Mars nta baganga benshi bazaba bahari, nta bitaro bigezweho ndetse nta buryo bwo gutabarwa bwihuse buzaba buhari nk’ubwo ku Isi.

Hari n’izindi ngaruka zo mu mutwe

Uretse impinduka z’umubiri, abahanga bavuga ko kuba kure y’Isi igihe kirekire bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima bwo mu mutwe.

Abajya mu isanzure bahura n’irungu rikomeye, kubura aho bihisha, guhora bari hamwe n’itsinda rito ndetse no kubura uko babonana n’imiryango ya bo.

Hari n’ingaruka z’uko izuba rirasira kandi rikarenza inshuro nyinshi mu masaha make kubera ko Sitasiyo mpuzamahanga yo mu isanzure izenguruka Isi inshuro zirenga 15 ku munsi. Ibi bishobora guhungabanya amasaha yo gusinzira, bigatuma ubwonko burushaho kunanirwa.

Imirasire yo mu isanzure na yo irahangayikishije

Ikindi kibazo gikomeje kwigwa ni imirasire ikomeye iba mu isanzure.

Ku Isi turindwa n’ikirere ndetse na rukuruzi y’Isi, ariko hanze y’ubwo burinzi abajya mu isanzure bahura n’imirasire ishobora kwangiza uturemangingo tw’ubwonko no kongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri cyangwa indwara zifata ubwonko mu gihe kizaza.

Ni yo mpamvu abahanga bo muri NASA, ESA n’ibindi bigo by’ubushakashatsi bakomeje gushaka uburyo bwo kubaka ibyogajuru bifite uburinzi bukomeye kuri iyo mirasire.

Hari ibitekerezo byinshi biri gukorwaho. Kimwe muri byo ni ukubaka ibyogajuru bizenguruka imbere ya byo kugira ngo habeho uburemere bwigana ubw’Isi.

Abandi bashakashatsi barimo gukora ubushakashatsi ku gukoresha amashanyarazi yoroheje akangura ibice by’ubwonko bifasha umuntu kumenya uburemere n’icyerekezo.

Hari kandi n’abashaka gukora imiti cyangwa imyitozo mishya yafasha ubwonko kwihindura vuba igihe umuntu ahinduye aho atuye.

Ubu bushakashatsi bufitiye akamaro n’abari ku Isi

Nubwo ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe hagamijwe gufasha abazajya mu isanzure, abahanga bavuga ko bushobora no gufasha abantu batuye ku Isi.

Gusobanukirwa uburyo ubwonko bwihindura bishobora gutanga ibisubizo bishya mu kuvura indwara nka stroke, Parkinson, Alzheimer ndetse n’ibibazo byo kuringaniza umubiri bikunze gufata abasaza.

Abahanga bavuga ko uko bazarushaho gusobanukirwa uburyo ubwonko bukorana n’uburemere, ari na ko bazarushaho kubona uburyo bwo kuvura izo ndwara no gufasha abantu kongera gukoresha neza ingingo za bo nyuma y’impanuka cyangwa uburwayi.

Mu gihe ibigo nka NASA, ESA n’Ubushinwa bikomeje gutegura ingendo z’abantu zizajya kure y’Isi kurusha mbere hose, biragaragara ko urugamba rukomeye rutari urwo kubaka ibyogajuru gusa, ahubwo ari urwo gusobanukirwa neza uburyo ubwonko bw’umuntu bushobora kubaho no gukora neza mu isi itagira uburemere.