Iyo ugeze kuri Place Richebé, rwagati mu mujyi wa Lille mu majyaruguru y’Ubufaransa, uhita ubona urwibutso runini rwa Louis Léon César Faidherbe. Agaragara yicaye ku ifarashi, yambaye imyambaro ya gisirikare kandi afite inkota mu kuboko.
Mu Bufaransa, cyane cyane i Lille, Faidherbe yibukwa nk’umusirikare wayoboye ingabo z’igihugu cye mu Ntambara y’Ubufaransa na Prussia yo mu 1870–1871. Muri Sénégal no mu bindi bice by’Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, izina rye rifitanye isano no kwagura ubukoloni bw’Abafaransa.
Aya mateka y’impande ebyiri ni yo atuma hibazwa niba umuntu wabaye intwari mu gihugu cye, ariko akagira uruhare mu kwigarurira no gutegeka abaturage b’ikindi gihugu, akwiriye gukomeza guhabwa icyubahiro mu ruhame.
Louis Léon César Faidherbe yavukiye i Lille ku wa 3 Kamena 1818. Yize ibijyanye n’igisirikare n’ubwubatsi bwa cyo, aza kwinjira mu ngabo z’Ubufaransa.
Mu ntangiriro z’umwuga we, yakoreye mu bice bitandukanye byari byarigaruriwe n’Ubufaransa, birimo Algeria no mu birwa byo mu karere ka Karayibe.
Igice cy’ubuzima bwe cyasize amateka akomeye cyatangiye mu 1852, ubwo yoherezwaga muri Sénégal nk’umusirikare w’inzobere mu bwubatsi. Nyuma y’imyaka ibiri gusa, mu 1854, yagizwe Guverineri wa Sénégal.
Icyo gihe Ubufaransa bwari busanzwe bufite ibirindiro n’inyungu z’ubucuruzi hafi ya Saint-Louis, ariko ubutegetsi bwa bwo butaragera kure mu gihugu imbere.
Faidherbe yatangiye gahunda yo kwagura ubutaka bwagenzurwaga n’Abafaransa. Yifashishije ingabo, amasezerano n’abategetsi b’uturere ndetse no kubaka ibirindiro bya gisirikare.
Faidherbe ntiyarebaga Sénégal yonyine. Yifuzaga ko Ubufaransa bwagira ubutegetsi bwagutse muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, buhera ku nkombe za Sénégal bugakomeza imbere ku mugabane.
Mu 1855, ingabo z’Abafaransa zigaruriye ubwami bwa Waalo. Hubatswe kandi ibirindiro bya gisirikare, birimo Fort Médine, byari bigamije gushimangira ubutegetsi bw’Abafaransa no kugenzura inzira z’ubucuruzi.
Yateje imbere kandi uburyo bw’itumanaho n’imikorere y’ubutegetsi bwa gikoloni.
Ibyo Abafaransa bitaga “kwagura ubutegetsi” cyangwa “iterambere”, ku baturage bo muri ibyo bice byasobanuraga gutakaza uburenganzira ku butaka bwa bo no gushyirwa munsi y’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu cy’amahanga.
Faidherbe yabaye Guverineri wa Sénégal inshuro ebyiri. Manda ye ya mbere yatangiye mu 1854 irangira mu 1861, naho iya kabiri iva mu 1863 kugeza mu 1865.
Muri ibyo bihe, ubutegetsi bw’Abafaransa muri Sénégal bwaragutse cyane. Ni yo mpamvu afatwa nk’umwe mu bantu bashyizeho urufatiro rw’ubukoloni bw’Abafaransa muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba.
Intambara yamugize intwari mu Bufaransa
Mu 1870, Ubufaransa bwagiye mu ntambara na Prussia hamwe n’ibindi bihugu by’Abadage. Ingabo z’Ubufaransa zaratsinzwe, Umwami w’Abami Napoleon III afatwa mpiri, ndetse Paris iragoterwa.
Faidherbe yahawe kuyobora Ingabo z’Ubufaransa zo mu Majyaruguru, zizwi nka Armée du Nord. Yaziyoboye mu mirwano itandukanye, irimo iyabereye i Bapaume muri Mutarama 1871.
Nubwo Ubufaransa bwatsinzwe iyo ntambara, ibikorwa bya Faidherbe byatumye akomeza gufatwa nk’intwari i Lille no mu karere ka Nord. Abaturage bamubonaga nk’umwana w’umujyi wari waragarutse kurwanirira igihugu cye.
Ibyo bisobanura impamvu, nyuma y’urupfu rwe mu 1889, ubuyobozi bwa Lille bwatangiye gutegura uburyo bwo kumwubakira urwibutso.
Urwibutso rwafunguwe mu 1896
Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Faidherbe, hatangijwe irushanwa ryo gushaka abahanzi bari gukora urwibutso rwe, hanakusanywa amafaranga yo kurwubaka.
Umunyabugeni Antonin Mercié yakoze igishushanyo cya Faidherbe yicaye ku ifarashi, naho umwubatsi Paul Pujol akora igice urwibutso rushingiyeho.
Urwibutso rufite uburebure bwa metero hafi 9.6 rwafunguwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 25 Ukwakira 1896, nyuma y’imyaka irindwi Faidherbe apfuye.
Munsi y’ifarashi hari amashusho y’abagore babiri akozwe mu muringa. Umwe muri bo afite igitabo n’ikaramu, agaragara nk’uri kwandika.
Ibyo bishushanyo bigaragaza umujyi wa Lille ubwira amateka ibikorwa bya Faidherbe kugira ngo byandikwe kandi bitazibagirana. Ubutumwa bw’abubatse urwibutso bwari uko Faidherbe yari umuntu ukwiye guhabwa umwanya ukomeye mu mateka.
Nyuma y’imyaka irenga ijana, icyo gishushanyo cy’umugore wandika amateka cyahindutse ikimenyetso cy’ikindi kibazo: Ni ayahe mateka agomba kwandikwa? Ay’umusirikare warwaniye Ubufaransa, ay’umuyobozi wagize uruhare mu bukoloni bwa Afurika, cyangwa yombi?
Impaka zongeye kubura mu 2018
Urwibutso rwa Faidherbe rwarokotse Intambara ebyiri z’Isi. Mu 1975, rwashyizwe ku rutonde rw’inzibutso z’amateka zirinzwe mu Bufaransa.
Kuva mu 2018, ariko, i Lille hatangiye impaka zikomeye ku buryo Faidherbe yibukwa mu ruhame.
Abaharanira ko amateka y’ubukoloni avugwa mu buryo bwuzuye bibajije impamvu umuntu wagize uruhare mu kwagura ubutegetsi bw’Abafaransa muri Afurika akomeza kugaragazwa nk’intwari, uruhare rwe mu bukoloni ntiruvugwe bihagije.
Hari abavugaga ko urwibutso rukwiye gukurwaho, kuko kurusiga aho ruri byakomeza gufatwa nko guha icyubahiro ibikorwa bye byose. Abandi bakavuga ko kurukuraho byaba ari nko guhisha cyangwa gusiba amateka.
Izi mpaka ntizabereye i Lille gusa. Mu bihugu bitandukanye by’Uburayi no muri Amerika, inzibutso z’abantu bafitanye isano n’ubucakara, ubukoloni n’intambara zo kwigarurira ibihugu zatangiye kongera gusuzumwa.
Ubuyobozi bwa Lille bwahisemo gusiga urwibutso aho ruri, ariko burushyiraho icyapa gitanga ibisobanuro byagutse ku mateka ya Faidherbe.
Umujyi wagaragaje ko utemera ibikorwa bye byo kwagura ubukoloni, cyane cyane ibyo yakoze igihe yari Guverineri wa Sénégal.
Iki cyemezo kigamije gutuma abareba urwibutso batabona gusa icyubahiro Faidherbe yahawe mu 1896, ahubwo bakanamenya uruhande rw’amateka rutavugwaga icyo gihe.
Intwari y’umwe, igikomere cy’undi
Mu 1896, abaturage bari bateraniye i Lille bashobora kuba bararebaga Faidherbe bakabona umusirikare w’intwari warwaniye igihugu cya bo.
Umunyafurika ureba urwo rwibutso muri iki gihe, we ashobora kubanza gutekereza ku baturage ba Sénégal batakaje ubutegetsi ku butaka bwabo kubera ibikorwa bya gikoloni.
Bombi baba bareba urwibutso rumwe, ariko bakarubonamo inkuru zitandukanye.
Urwibutso si ibuye cyangwa umuringa gusa. Rugaragaza abantu igihugu gihitamo kwibuka, uburyo kibibukamo n’ubutumwa giha ibisekuru bizaza.
Nyuma y’imyaka hafi 130, Faidherbe aracyicaye ku ifarashi rwagati i Lille. Icyakora, urwibutso rwe ntirukivuga amateka y’umusirikare w’Umufaransa gusa. Rwahindutse ahantu hahurira amateka y’Ubufaransa n’ay’Afurika.
Rukomeje kandi kubaza ikibazo gikomeye: Ni gute abantu bagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka y’ibihugu bya bo, ariko ibikorwa byabo bigasiga ibikomere mu mateka y’abandi, bakwiye kwibukwa?
Ibitekerezo