Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC) yafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika kohereza mu mahanga umuringa na cobalt biri mu ishusho y’ubutare bwamaze gutunganywa ku rwego rw’ibanze buzwi nka “concentrates”, mu rwego rwo guteza imbere gahunda yo kongerera agaciro amabuye y’agaciro imbere mu gihugu mbere y’uko ajyanwa ku masoko mpuzamahanga.
Iki cyemezo gishobora kugira ingaruka ku rwego rw’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro muri RDC ndetse no ku masoko mpuzamahanga, bitewe n’umwanya ukomeye iki gihugu gifite mu icukurwa rya cobalt n’umuringa ku Isi.
Amabwiriza mashya yatangajwe na Guverinoma ya RDC ateganya ko guhagarika kohereza hanze umuringa na cobalt by’ibanze bitangira gukurikizwa ako kanya. Icyakora, Guverinoma yashyizeho uburyo bwo gutanga ubusonerwe mu bihe byihariye bifitiye igihugu inyungu z’ingenzi.
Iki cyemezo ntikivuga ko RDC ihagaritse kohereza mu mahanga umuringa na cobalt byose. Ahubwo cyibanda ku mabuye aba amaze gutunganywa ku rwego rw’ibanze ariko agikeneye kunyuzwa mu zindi nzira zo kuyatunganya kugira ngo avemo ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini.
Intego ya Kinshasa ni uko ibikorwa byinshi byo gutunganya ayo mabuye byajya bikorerwa imbere muri RDC, aho kugira ngo igihugu gikomeze kohereza hanze amabuye atarongerwa agaciro gahagije, imirimo myinshi n’inyungu zijyanye no kuyatunganya bikajya mu bindi bihugu.
RDC ishaka inyungu nyinshi mu mutungo wa yo
Mu myaka ishize, ubuyobozi bwa RDC bwagiye bushimangira ko igihugu gifite umutungo kamere mwinshi, ariko ko inyungu abaturage n’ubukungu bw’igihugu bawukuramo zitaragera ku rwego rwifuzwa.
Gutunganyiriza amabuye y’agaciro imbere mu gihugu bishobora gutuma hashyirwaho inganda nshya, hakaboneka imirimo, hakazamuka imisoro n’amahoro byinjira mu isanduku ya Leta ndetse igihugu kikagira uruhare runini mu ruhererekane mpuzamahanga rw’ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku mabuye y’agaciro.
Ibi bifite uburemere by’umwihariko kuri cobalt. Imibare y’Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika Gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi ku Mutungo Kamere (USGS) igaragaza ko mu 2024 RDC yari iya mbere ku Isi mu gucukura cobalt, ikagira hafi 75% by’umusaruro w’Isi yose. Icyo gihe kandi yari iya kabiri ku Isi mu bucukuzi bw’umuringa, aho yari ifite hafi 13% by’umusaruro w’Isi.
Imibare ya USGS yo mu 2026 na yo igaragaza ko RDC yakomeje kugira uruhare runini cyane ku isoko rya cobalt, aho mu 2025 yatanze hafi 73% bya cobalt yacukuwe ku Isi.
Ibi bituma icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cya Kinshasa kijyanye n’ubucuruzi bwa cobalt gikurikiranirwa hafi n’ibihugu bikomeye, inganda zikora bateri, abakora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ndetse n’abashoramari ku masoko mpuzamahanga.
Cobalt ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora bateri zishobora kongera gushyirwamo umuriro, zirimo izikoreshwa mu modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga. Umuringa wo ukoreshwa cyane mu miyoboro y’amashanyarazi, mu nyubako, mu nganda no mu bikorwa bijyanye n’ingufu.
Amabwiriza yatangiye gukurikizwa ako kanya
Icyemezo cya RDC cyashyizwe mu mabwiriza yo ku wa 29 Kamena 2026, ariko amakuru ya cyo aza gutangazwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu ntangiriro za Kanama.
Ayo mabwiriza yasimbuye uburyo bwari busanzweho bwatumaga hari ibigo bimwe bihabwa uburenganzira bwo kohereza hanze concentrates z’umuringa na cobalt, cyane cyane igihe ubushobozi bwo kuzitunganyiriza imbere muri RDC bwabaga budahagije.
Guverinoma ariko ntiyafunze burundu uburyo bwo gutanga ubusonerwe. Ibigo bishobora kubusaba mu gihe hari impamvu zifatwa nk’iz’ingenzi ku gihugu. Ibi bishobora gutuma ubuyobozi bugenzura buri busabe ukwa bwo mbere yo kwemeza ko ubutare runaka bushobora kujyanwa hanze butaranyuzwa mu buryo bwose bwo kubutunganyiriza muri RDC.
Icyemezo gishobora kugira ingaruka ku bigo mpuzamahanga bikomeye bikorera muri RDC, birimo ibifite imari ikomoka mu Bushinwa, Canada n’Ubusuwisi.
Mu bigo bikomeye bifite ibikorwa mu bucukuzi bw’umuringa na cobalt muri RDC harimo CMOC Group, Glencore ndetse na Ivanhoe Mines, nubwo ingaruka kuri buri kigo zishobora gutandukana bitewe n’uburyo gitunganya umusaruro wa cyo n’amasezerano gifitanye na Leta.
Umushinga wa Kamoa-Kakula, ufitwemo imigabane na Ivanhoe Mines n’abafatanyabikorwa ba yo, ni umwe mu mishinga minini y’umuringa muri RDC kandi wakomeje kongera umusaruro mu myaka ishize.
Umuringa mwinshi usanzwe utunganyirizwa muri RDC
Nubwo iki cyemezo gikomeye, ntabwo bivuze ko umuringa wose RDC yohereza hanze wajyaga woherezwa utaratunganywa.
Amakuru yemewe yo mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2026 agaragaza ko RDC yohereje hanze toni 696,725 z’umuringa watunganyijwe ukagera ku rwego rwa cathodes. Muri icyo gihe, concentrates z’umuringa zoherejwe hanze zari toni 53,926, zirimo toni 18,863 z’umuringa nyirizina.
RDC kandi yohereje toni 51,940 za cobalt hydroxide, zirimo toni 17,054 za cobalt nyirizina.
Iyi mibare igaragaza ko igice kinini cy’umuringa wa RDC gisanzwe gitunganyirizwa imbere mu gihugu. Icyemezo gishya rero kigamije kurushaho gufunga icyuho cyatuma amabuye atarongerwa agaciro gahagije akomeza kujyanwa hanze.
Ibi bishobora gufasha RDC kongera ubushobozi bw’inganda za yo, ariko kugira ngo bigerweho bisaba ishoramari rikomeye mu mashanyarazi, imihanda, gari ya moshi n’ibindi bikorwa remezo.
Raporo ku rwego rw’ubucukuzi muri RDC igaragaza ko ibura ry’amashanyarazi n’ibibazo by’ubwikorezi bikiri mu mbogamizi zikomeye zituma ikiguzi cyo gukora ubucukuzi no gutunganya amabuye kiba kinini.
Amakuru y’iki cyemezo yanagize ingaruka ku isoko mpuzamahanga ry’umuringa.
Ku wa 6 Kanama 2026, igiciro cy’umuringa ku isoko rya London Metal Exchange cyazamutse hafi 1.8%, kigera ku madolari 14,369.50 kuri toni imwe, nyuma y’uko amakuru y’amabwiriza ya RDC agiye ahagaragara.
Kuzamuka kw’igiciro kugaragaza uburyo abashoramari bakurikiranira hafi ibibera muri RDC. Kubera ko iki gihugu kiri mu bicukura umuringa mwinshi ku Isi, impinduka mu mategeko yacyo zishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo uwo mutungo ugera ku masoko mpuzamahanga.
Cobalt yo ifite umwihariko urushijeho gukomera kuko igice kinini cy’umusaruro w’Isi gituruka muri RDC. Ibi bituma Kinshasa igira ijambo rikomeye ku isoko ry’iki kinyabutabire, cyane cyane mu gihe ikoreshwa ryacyo rikomeje kwiyongera mu nganda za bateri.
Iki cyemezo kije nyuma y’izindi ngamba RDC yafashe mu 2025 mu rwego rwo kugenzura isoko rya cobalt.
Ku wa 22 Gashyantare 2025, Urwego rushinzwe Kugenzura Amasoko y’Amabuye y’Agaciro y’Ingenzi muri RDC, ARECOMS, rwari rwahagaritse by’agateganyo kohereza cobalt mu mahanga kubera ko ku isoko hari harabayeho umusaruro mwinshi urenze icyifuzo, bigatuma ibiciro bigabanuka.
Iryo hagarikwa ryaje kongerwa kugeza mu Kwakira 2025, mbere y’uko risimbuzwa gahunda yo gushyiraho ingano ntarengwa ya cobalt yemerewe koherezwa hanze.
Muri gahunda yatangiye ku wa 16 Ukwakira 2025, RDC yashyizeho ingano ntarengwa yoherezwa hanze, aho mu 2026 hateganyijwe toni 96,600 za cobalt, zirimo toni 9,600 zagenewe gahunda z’ingenzi z’igihugu.
Ibi bigaragaza ko Kinshasa itakibona amabuye y’agaciro gusa nk’umutungo ugomba gucukurwa no kugurishwa, ahubwo ishaka no gukoresha uburemere ifite ku isoko mu kugena ingano yoherezwa hanze, uburyo itunganywa ndetse n’agaciro igihugu kiyikuramo.
Afurika irashaka guhindura uburyo umutungo wa yo ucuruzwa
Politiki ya RDC iri mu murongo mugari uri kugaragara mu bihugu bitandukanye bya Afurika bifite amabuye y’agaciro menshi.
Ibihugu nka Zimbabwe, Zambia, Guinea na Nigeria byagiye bifata cyangwa bitegura ingamba zigamije kugabanya kohereza hanze amabuye y’agaciro adatunganyijwe, kugira ngo igice kinini cy’agaciro ka yo gisigare mu bukungu bw’imbere mu gihugu.
Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko mu buryo bwari busanzweho, igihugu gishobora gucukura amabuye y’agaciro kikayohereza hanze ku giciro runaka, ariko igihugu kiyatumanyije kikayatunganya kikayakoramo ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro karuta kure ako ubutare bwari bufite.
Guverinoma nyinshi zo muri Afurika rero zirifuza ko urwo ruhererekane rw’agaciro rutangira kubakwa imbere mu bihugu bicukurwamo ayo mabuye.
Kuri RDC, iki kibazo kirushaho kugira uburemere bitewe n’uruhare rwayo mu mpinduka Isi irimo zo kuva ku ikoreshwa ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ikerekeza ku ngufu zisukuye.
Umuringa na cobalt ni bimwe mu bikoresho by’ingenzi muri izo mpinduka. Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, bateri zibika ingufu n’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi byose bisaba amabuye y’agaciro menshi.
Hari n’imbogamizi RDC igomba gukemura
Nubwo gutunganyiriza amabuye imbere mu gihugu bishobora kuzana inyungu, kubigeraho bisaba ubushobozi bukomeye.
Inganda zitunganya umuringa na cobalt zikenera amashanyarazi menshi kandi ahoraho, ikoranabuhanga rihambaye, abakozi bafite ubumenyi ndetse n’ibikorwa remezo byo kugeza ibikoresho ku nganda no kugeza ibicuruzwa ku masoko.
RDC iracyafite ibibazo by’ibikorwa remezo, cyane cyane mu bice bikorerwamo ubucukuzi. Ibura ry’amashanyarazi n’imihanda cyangwa uburyo bw’ubwikorezi budahagije bishobora gutuma gahunda yo kongera inganda zitunganya amabuye itwara igihe n’amafaranga menshi.
Hari kandi ikibazo cyo gukurikirana inkomoko y’amabuye, kurengera ibidukikije n’uburenganzira bw’abakozi. Ubucukuzi buto n’ubukorwa n’abantu ku giti cya bo buracyagaragara cyane muri RDC, kandi bwagiye buhuzwa n’ibibazo birimo imirimo mibi, ikoreshwa ry’abana n’ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Ni yo mpamvu kongera agaciro k’amabuye imbere mu gihugu bizasaba ko bijyana no kongera imiyoborere myiza y’urwego rw’ubucukuzi, gukurikirana inkomoko y’umusaruro no kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga.
Kinshasa ishaka guhindura umwanya wa yo ku isoko
Icyemezo cyo guhagarika kohereza hanze umuringa na cobalt byo ku rwego rw’ibanze gishimangira gahunda ya RDC yo kuva ku kuba igihugu gitanga gusa amabuye y’agaciro, kikaba n’igihugu kiyatunganya kandi kigakuramo inyungu nyinshi.
Mu gihe Isi ikomeje gukenera cobalt n’umuringa byinshi kubera izamuka ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, bateri n’ishoramari mu bikorwa by’ingufu zisukuye, RDC ifite amahirwe yo gukoresha umutungo wayo mu kwihutisha iterambere ry’inganda.
Ariko intsinzi y’iyi gahunda izaterwa n’uko igihugu kizongera ubushobozi bwo gutunganya amabuye, kubona amashanyarazi ahagije, guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo no gushyiraho amategeko ahamye kandi asobanutse ku bashoramari.
Icyemezo cya Kinshasa rero ntikireba gusa guhagarika ubutare bujya hanze. Ni igice cy’urugamba runini rw’ibihugu bikungahaye ku mutungo kamere rwo gushaka ko agaciro k’umutungo wa byo katongera kujyana n’amabuye ava mu butaka, ahubwo ko igice kinini cyako gisigara mu gihugu, kigatanga imirimo, imisoro, inganda n’iterambere rirambye.
Ibitekerezo