Ubushakashatsi bushya bwakorewe mu Bwongereza bwagaragaje ko amagi aturuka ku nkoko zorowe mu buryo bwa organic free-range, aho zemererwa kugenda hanze kandi zigahabwa ibiryo byahinzwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bw’ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere, ashobora kugira uruhare rukomeye mu kwangiza ikirere kurusha amagi y’inkoko zororerwa mu nzu.
Ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bishobora gutungura abaguzi benshi, kuko amagi yanditseho ko ari “organic” cyangwa ko yatewe n’inkoko zigenda hanze akunze gufatwa nk’akomoka ku buryo bw’ubworozi bubungabunga ibidukikije kurusha ubworozi bukorerwa mu nyubako zifunze cyangwa mu kato.
Nyamara abashakashatsi bavuga ko, iyo harebwe gusa ingano y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bisohorwa kugira ngo haboneke umubare runaka w’amagi, inkoko zororerwa mu kato zishobora gukoresha neza ibiryo zihabwa kandi zigatera amagi menshi, bityo umusaruro wa zo ugasaba ubutaka, ibiryo n’izindi nyongeramusaruro bike.
Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cy’ubumenyi Royal Society on Open Science, bukaba bwarakozwe n’abashakashatsi barimo Dr Harriet Bartlett wo muri Kaminuza ya Oxford. Busesengura ingaruka z’uburyo butandukanye bwo korora inkoko zitera amagi, haba ku bidukikije ndetse no ku mibereho myiza y’izo nkoko.
Ibyuka byikuba hafi kabiri
Abashakashatsi babaze ko umusaruro w’amagi yose yo mu Bwongereza uramutse ushyizwe mu buryo bwa organic free-range, washobora gutuma hasohorwa ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bingana na toni 2,316,000 z’umwuka uhumanya (dioxyde de carbone) ku mwaka.
Iki gipimo, cyandikwa nka tCO2e, ntikivuga dioxyde de carbone gusa. Gihuza ubushobozi bw’ibyuka bitandukanye bishyushya isi, birimo metane na protoxyde d’azote, bikabigereranya n’ingano ya dioxyde de carbone byanganya ingaruka.
Mu gihe umusaruro wose w’amagi wo mu Bwongereza waba ukomoka ku nkoko zororerwa mu kato, ibyuka byasohorwa byagera kuri toni 1,184,000 za dioxyde de carbone. Bivuze ko uburyo bwa organic free-range bwashobora gusohora ibyuka hafi inshuro ebyiri iby’uburyo bwo kororera inkoko mu kato.
Abashakashatsi bagereranyije kandi ko uburyo butandukanye bukoreshwa muri iki gihe mu Bwongereza—burimo inkoko zororerwa mu kato, izororerwa mu nyubako zidafite utuzu, izigenda hanze n’izorowe mu buryo bwa organic—buhumanya ikirere ku rugero rungana na toni 1,439,000 za dioxyde de carbone ku mwaka.
Impamvu nyamukuru y’iri tandukaniro ni uko inkoko zororerwa mu kato zikoresha ingufu nke mu kugenda, zikarya ibiryo bike ugereranyije n’umusaruro w’amagi zitanga kandi zigacungwa mu buryo bworohereza aborozi kugenzura ubushyuhe, indwara n’imikoreshereze y’ibiryo.
Inkoko zigenda hanze, ku rundi ruhande, zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi, zishobora guhura n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, indwara, inyamaswa zishobora kuzihiga cyangwa gukomereka. Hari n’igihe zikenera ibiryo byinshi kugira ngo zitere umubare w’amagi ungana n’uw’inkoko zororerwa ahantu hagenzurwa neza.
Ibyo bituma hakenerwa inkoko nyinshi kugira ngo haboneke umubare umwe w’amagi. Inkoko nyinshi na zo zisaba ibiryo byinshi, amazi menshi, ubutaka bunini bwo guhingaho ibihingwa bizitungwa ndetse n’izindi nyongeramusaruro.
Ibiryo by’inkoko bifite uruhare runini
Igice kinini cy’ingaruka umusaruro w’amagi ugira ku bidukikije gituruka ku biryo inkoko zirya. Guhinga ibigori, soya, ingano n’ibindi bihingwa bikoreshwa mu gukora ibiryo by’inkoko bisaba ubutaka, amazi, ifumbire, ingufu n’ubwikorezi.
Iyo inkoko ikeneye ibiryo byinshi kugira ngo itere igi rimwe, ingaruka zose zatewe no guhinga, gutunganya no gutwara ibyo biryo zihita ziyongera.
Mu bworozi bwa organic, ibihingwa bikorwamo ibiryo by’inkoko bigomba kuba byarahinzwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza agenga ubwo buhinzi. Hari igihe umusaruro kuri hegitari uba muke ugereranyije n’ubuhinzi busanzwe, bigatuma hakenerwa ubutaka bunini kugira ngo haboneke ibiryo bingana.
Ni yo mpamvu ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko umusaruro wa organic free-range ari wo wakenera ubutaka bwinshi kurusha ubundi buryo bwose bwasesenguwe. Bwagaragaje kandi ko ushobora kugira uruhare runini mu gutuma amazi akungahara birenze urugero ku myunyungugu, ikibazo kizwi nka eutrophication.
Iki kibazo gishobora guterwa n’ifumbire cyangwa imyanda irimo azote na fosifore bigezwa mu migezi, mu biyaga no mu bindi bigega by’amazi. Iyo ibyo binyabutabire bibaye byinshi, bituma ibyatsi n’utundi tunyabuzima two mu mazi byororoka bikabije, nyuma umwuka wa ogisijeni ukagabanuka, amafi n’ibindi binyabuzima byo mu mazi bikaba byapfa.
Ubworozi bwa organic free-range kandi bwagaragaje ubushobozi bwo kugira uruhare runini mu kwiyongera kwa aside mu butaka no mu mazi, bizwi nka acidification. Ibyuka nka ammonia biva mu myanda y’inkoko bishobora kugira uruhare muri icyo kibazo.
Imibereho y’inkoko n’ikirere ntibijyana buri gihe
Dr Bartlett yavuze ko ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ihurizo rikomeye: uburyo bufatwa nk’ubwiza ku mibereho y’inyamaswa si ko buri gihe buba bwiza kurusha ubundi mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.
Inkoko ziri hanze zishobora kubona umwanya wo kugenda, kwishakira ibyo zirya, kwiyuhagira mu mukungugu, kurambura amababa no gukora ibindi bikorwa zisanzwe zikora. Ibyo byose ni ingenzi mu mibereho myiza ya zo.
Inkoko ifungiye mu kato ishobora gutera amagi menshi ikoresheje ibiryo bike, ariko ikabuzwa umwanya uhagije wo kugenda no kugaragaza imyitwarire yayo isanzwe. Ubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro mwinshi rero ntibuhagije kugira ngo ubworozi bwitwe ko burambye cyangwa ko bubahiriza imibereho myiza y’inyamaswa.
Ubushakashatsi bwanagaragaje ko impfu z’inkoko zari nyinshi mu bworozi bwa organic free-range. Abashakashatsi bavuze ko inkoko zigenda hanze zishobora guhura n’indwara, inyamaswa zizihiga, gukomereka cyangwa kwicocorana.
Icyakora, umubare w’inkoko zipfa si cyo gipimo cyonyine cy’imibereho yazo. Inkoko zishobora kuticwa n’uburyo zorowemo, ariko zikamara ubuzima bwazo mu kato gato, zidashobora kugenda, kubaka icyari cyangwa gukora ibindi bikorwa bya kamere.
Amabwiriza y’Ubwongereza ashingiye ku mahame arimo kurinda inyamaswa inzara n’inyota, ububabare, indwara, ahantu hazibangamira no kuziha ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza imyitwarire yazo isanzwe. Aya mahame agaragaza ko gusuzuma imibereho myiza y’inkoko bisaba kureba ibirenze umusaruro cyangwa umubare w’izipfa. Guverinoma y’Ubwongereza isaba kandi ko aborozi kugira ubumenyi, igenamigambi n’imitunganyirize birinda inkoko indwara n’imvune.
Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwatanze imibare ishobora kugira uruhare mu gufata ibyemezo, ababukoze bemeye ko bufite imbogamizi ikomeye. Amakuru yakoreshejwe yakusanyijwe hagati ya 2009 na 2010.
Mu myaka irenga 15 ishize, ubworozi bw’inkoko, ubwoko bw’ibiryo, uburyo bwo gukumira indwara, imiterere y’inyubako n’ubushobozi bw’inkoko bwo gutera amagi byarateye imbere. Bishoboka rero ko ingaruka z’uburyo bumwe na bumwe bw’ubworozi zahindutse.
Abashakashatsi basobanuye ko bakoresheje ayo makuru kuko ari yo yari yuzuye kandi yemerera kugereranya mu buryo bumwe ubworozi bwo mu kato, ubwo mu nyubako, ubwo hanze n’ubwa organic. Basabye ko hakorwa ubundi bushakashatsi bukoresha imibare mishya kugira ngo harebwe niba itandukaniro ryagaragajwe rikiri ku rugero rumwe.
Ubushakashatsi ntibwanasesenguye ingaruka zose zishoboka. Ntibwarebye mu buryo bwuzuye ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko, ingaruka ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima cyangwa ubuzima bw’ubutaka. Ibyo ni ingenzi kuko ubuhinzi bwa organic bushobora kugira amanota meza kuri bimwe muri ibyo bipimo.
Dr Bartlett yavuze ko bishoboka ko uburyo bwa organic bwagira ibyiza mu kugabanya uburozi bukomoka ku miti yica udukoko no mu kurinda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mirima. Bityo, kuvuga ko amagi ya organic ari mabi ku bidukikije muri rusange byaba ari ukwirengagiza bimwe mu byo ubushakashatsi butapimye.
Abashyigikira organic barabunenga
Lee Holdstock, ushinzwe amategeko n’ubucuruzi mu kigo Soil Association Certification, yavuze ko ubushakashatsi bwerekana ihurizo rikwiye kwitabwaho, ariko ntibutange ishusho yuzuye y’ingaruka umusaruro w’amagi ugira ku bidukikije.
Yavuze ko ubworozi bw’inganda bushobora gusohora ibyuka bike kuri buri gi, kubera ko inkoko zikoresha neza ibiryo, ariko ko ibyo ari igice kimwe gusa cy’ikibazo.
Kugira ngo urwego rw’ibiribwa rwitwe ko rurambye, ngo rugomba no gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku ngaruka rufite ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ubuzima bw’ubutaka, ubwiza bw’amazi, ikoreshwa ry’imiti n’ifumbire bikorerwa mu nganda ndetse n’imibereho myiza y’inyamaswa.
Ibi bivuze ko umuguzi udashobora guhitamo amagi ashingiye gusa ku mubare w’ibyuka bya karuboni. Hari ushobora gushyira imbere kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, undi agashyira imbere imibereho myiza y’inkoko, mu gihe undi yaba ashishikajwe no kwirinda imiti ikoreshwa mu buhinzi.
Nubwo inkoko zo mu kato zagaragaje ibyiza mu gukoresha ibiryo no kugabanya ibyuka kuri buri gi, isoko ryo mu Bwongereza rikomeje kugana ku magi y’inkoko zitafungiye mu kato.
Imibare yemewe yerekana ko mu 2024 amagi y’inkoko zigenda hanze yari hafi 68% by’amagi yakiriwe n’ibigo biyapakira, mu gihe ay’inkoko zororerwa mu nzu yari hafi 21%. Mu gihembwe cya gatatu cya 2025, umugabane w’amagi yo mu nzu wari umaze kugabanuka ukagera kuri 17%, naho ay’inkoko zigenda hanze agera kuri 71%.
Guverinoma y’Ubwongereza yanatanze umushinga wo guhagarika burundu kororera inkoko mu nzu, ikifuza ko habaho igihe cy’inzibacyuho cy’imyaka itanu. Intego ni uguteza imbere imibereho myiza y’inkoko, ariko abayobozi bakemera ko iryo hinduka rigomba gukorwa mu buryo butangiza ubushobozi bw’aborozi bwo gukora no guhaza isoko.
Amakuru ya leta kandi agaragaza uburemere bw’urwo rwego: mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2026, Ubwongereza bwatanze amagi miliyoni 273.3 z’amadozeni yo kuribwa. Ni ukuvuga amagi arenga miliyari 3.2 mu mezi atatu gusa. Imibare ya leta y’Ubwongereza igaragaza ko umusaruro wiyongereyeho 6% ugereranyije n’igihembwe nk’icyo cya 2025.
Igisubizo si ugusubiza inkoko mu kato
Abashakashatsi bashimangiye ko ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bidakwiye gufatwa nk’impamvu yo gusubiza inkoko zose mu kato. Ahubwo bagaragaza ko hakenewe uburyo bushya buhuza kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije no kubahiriza imibereho myiza y’amatungo.
Ibyo bishobora gukorwa hatoranywa amoko y’inkoko atera amagi menshi kandi adakenera ibiryo byinshi, hagatunganywa ibiryo bifite intungamubiri zihagije ariko bitangiza ibidukikije, hakagabanywa ibiryo bipfa ubusa no gukumira indwara n’impfu z’inkoko.
Gutunganya neza imyanda y’inkoko na byo bishobora kugabanya ammonia, kwanduza amazi n’ikorwa ry’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Iyo myanda ishobora kubyazwamo ifumbire mu buryo bugenzuwe cyangwa igakoreshwa mu gukora ingufu za biyogazi.
Ku bihugu birimo u Rwanda, aho ubworozi bw’inkoko n’ikoreshwa ry’amagi bikomeje kwiyongera, ubu bushakashatsi butanga isomo ry’uko kongera umusaruro, kurengera ibidukikije no kwita ku mibereho y’inkoko bigomba gutegurirwa hamwe.
Ubworozi bwo mu kato bushobora gutanga umusaruro mwinshi ku biryo bike, ariko bukagira ibibazo by’imibereho y’inkoko. Ubworozi bwo hanze bushobora guha inkoko ubwisanzure, ariko bugakenera ubutaka, ibiryo n’amazi byinshi kandi bukazishyira mu byago by’indwara n’impfu.
Icy’ingenzi rero si ukwemeza ko uburyo bumwe ari bwiza muri byose, ahubwo ni ugushaka uburyo bwo kubuvugurura. Nk’uko abashakashatsi babisoje, nta buryo na bumwe bw’ubworozi bw’inkoko butanga amanota meza ku bipimo byose by’ibidukikije n’imibereho myiza y’inyamaswa. Iryo ni ryo hurizo rikomeye aborozi, abahanga, abaguzi n’abafata ibyemezo bagomba gukemura mu gihe isi ishaka kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa itangije ikirere cyangwa ngo ibangamire ubuzima bw’inyamaswa.
Ibitekerezo