Nyuma y’imyaka itandatu ayoboye u Burundi, Perezida Évariste Ndayishimiye avuga ko igihugu cye kimaze gutera intambwe mu nzira y’amajyambere, nubwo abaturage benshi bagikomeje kugaragaza ko ubuzima buhenze, lisansi ikabura, ifumbire ikaba ingume ndetse n’urubyiruko rukomeje kujya gushaka akazi mu mahanga.
Mu kiganiro yagiranye na BBC Gahuzamiryango dukesha iyi nkuru, Perezida Ndayishimiye yavuze ko ubwo yageraga ku butegetsi ku wa 18 Kamena 2020, yasanze igihugu gifite ibibazo bikomeye by’ubukungu, byari bikeneye igihe, imbaraga n’impinduka mu miyoborere kugira ngo bikemuke.
Ndayishimiye, wasimbuye Pierre Nkurunziza, yagiye ku butegetsi asezeranya kurwanya ubukene, guteza imbere ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, guha urubyiruko amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimo no kongera umusaruro w’ibyo u Burundi bwohereza mu mahanga.
Nyamara imyaka itandatu irashize, abaturage benshi bagitaka ibura rya lisansi, izamuka ry’ibiciro, ikibazo cy’amafaranga y’amahanga n’ibura ry’akazi. Perezida Ndayishimiye we ashimangira ko hari intambwe yatewe, ariko akemera ko hakiri urugendo rurerure.
Lisansi ikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye
Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeje kugarukwaho cyane mu Burundi ni ibura rya lisansi. Iki kibazo kimaze imyaka myinshi kandi kigira ingaruka ku ngendo, ubucuruzi, serivisi za Leta n’imikorere y’ibigo byigenga.
Ku bigo bicuruza lisansi, imodoka zishobora kumara amasaha menshi cyangwa iminsi ku mirongo zitegereje. Iyo lisansi ibonetse, hari aho itangwa hashingiwe ku mibare iranga imodoka cyangwa kuri lisiti zateguwe, buri modoka igahabwa litiro ziri hagati ya 20 na 30.
Hari kandi isoko ry’umukara, aho lisansi igurishwa ku giciro kiruta kure icyo Leta yageneye ibigo byemewe kuyicuruza. Ibi bituma igiciro cyo gutwara abantu n’ibintu kizamuka, bigakurikirwa n’izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa n’ibindi bicuruzwa.
Ndayishimiye yavuze ko ikibazo cya lisansi kidakwiye kureberwa ku Burundi bwonyine, kuko ibibazo by’ingufu n’iby’ubwikorezi bigera no ku bindi bihugu. Yongeyeho ko intandaro ikomeye y’ikibazo ari uko u Burundi budafite amafaranga ahagije y’amahanga yo kwishyura lisansi butumiza hanze.
Yagize ati: “Narabivuze: igihe cyose tutazaba dufite ibyo twohereza mu mahanga bituzanira amafaranga y’amahanga, ntimukitege ko haboneka lisansi ihagije.”
Aya magambo ahura n’isesengura ry’Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari, IMF, rivuga ko ubuke bw’amadovize ari kimwe mu bitera ibura rya lisansi, ihungabana ry’urwego rwo gutumiza ibicuruzwa hanze n’ikwirakwira ry’ubucuruzi butemewe. IMF ivuga ko ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y’igipimo cy’ivunjisha cyemewe n’igikoreshwa ku isoko ritazwi gikomeza kubangamira ubukungu bw’u Burundi.
U Burundi nta bucukuzi cyangwa itunganywa rya peteroli bufite ku rugero rwabuhaza isoko rya bwo. Bityo, bukenera amafaranga y’amahanga kugira ngo butumize lisansi, imiti, ibikoresho by’inganda n’ibindi bicuruzwa by’ibanze.
Ibura rya lisansi rituma abakozi bamwe bagera ku kazi bakererewe cyangwa bagataha hakiri kare kugira ngo babone imodoka. Ku byapa bimwe by’imodoka zitwara abagenzi, abaturage bamara igihe kinini ku mirongo, bategereje imodoka nke ziba zabashije kubona lisansi.
Abacuruzi na bo bavuga ko ikibazo cya lisansi cyongera ikiguzi cyo kugeza ibicuruzwa ku masoko. Amafaranga yishyurwa mu gutwara imyaka ava mu byaro, ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi cyangwa ibicuruzwa bitumizwa hanze ariyongera, umutwaro wa nyuma ukikorezwa umuguzi.
Ubukungu bwarazamutse, ariko ubukene buracyakabije
Nubwo abaturage bakomeje guhura n’ibibazo, imibare y’inzego mpuzamahanga igaragaza ko hari bimwe byahindutse mu bukungu. Banki y’Isi ivuga ko umusaruro mbumbe w’u Burundi wazamutseho hafi 4% mu 2025, bitewe ahanini n’ubuhinzi, serivisi n’ishoramari rya Leta.
Ariko iryo zamuka ntiryahise rihindura imibereho y’abaturage benshi. Banki y’Isi igaragaza ko ubukene bugikabije kandi ko izamuka ry’ibiciro n’ibura ry’akazi gahagije bikomeza kugabanya ubushobozi bw’ingo. U Burundi bufite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 14, kandi hafi 85% by’abafite akazi bakorera mu buhinzi.
Mu 2025, impuzandengo y’izamuka ry’ibiciro yageze kuri 34%, mbere yo gutangira kugabanuka mu mpera z’umwaka. IMF yatangaje ko izamuka ry’ibiciro ryavuye kuri 45,5% muri Mata 2025 rikagera kuri 10,8% muri Werurwe 2026. Iryo gabanuka ryatewe n’imicungire y’ingengo y’imari yarushijeho kunozwa no kugabanya amafaranga Leta yatizaga muri banki nkuru.
Nubwo iyo mibare igaragaza impinduka, ku muturage usanzwe kugabanuka kw’umuvuduko w’izamuka ry’ibiciro ntibisobanura ko ibiciro byasubiye aho byari biri. Bisobanura gusa ko bitakizamuka ku muvuduko wari usanzwe. Abaturage bakomeje kwishyura amafaranga menshi ku biribwa, ingendo, imiti n’ibindi bikenerwa buri munsi.
“Umunwa wose ubone icyo urya, umufuka wose ubone amafaranga”
Perezida Ndayishimiye ageze ku butegetsi yashyize imbere intego igira iti: “Umunwa wose ubone icyo urya, umufuka wose ubone amafaranga.”
Iyo ntego yari igamije guhindura imyumvire y’abaturage, bakava ku buhinzi bwo gutunga urugo gusa bakajya ku buhinzi n’ubworozi bibyara amafaranga. Leta yashishikarije abaturage kwibumbira mu makoperative, guhinga ibihingwa byoherezwa ku isoko no guteza imbere ubworozi.
Mu mishinga yavuzwe cyane harimo korora inkwavu no guhinga avoka. Perezida Ndayishimiye avuga ko izo gahunda zafashije bamwe mu baturage kongera umusaruro no kubona amafaranga.
Yatanze urugero rwe bwite, avuga ko ashobora kubona toni imwe y’inyama z’inkwavu mu cyumweru. Kuri we, ibyo bigaragaza ko ubworozi bw’inkwavu bushobora kuba ubucuruzi bufatika igihe bukozwe neza, bugahabwa isoko kandi hakubakwa uburyo bwo gutunganya no kubika inyama.
Abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi n’abaturage bamwe ariko bavuga ko hari abashoye amafaranga mu bworozi bw’inkwavu ntibabone isoko ryazo, bikabaviramo igihombo. Ibi byerekana ko gushishikariza abaturage kongera umusaruro bidahagije iyo hatateguwe amasoko, ubwikorezi, ububiko, inganda zitunganya umusaruro n’amasezerano yo kuwugura.
Avoka na yo yashyizwe mu bihingwa bishobora kuzana amadovize. Kugira ngo u Burundi bWungukire muri ubwo buhinzi, ariko, bukeneye ingemwe nziza, amahugurwa ku bahinzi, uburyo bwo gupima ubuziranenge, ububiko bukonjesha n’inzira zihuse zo kugeza umusaruro ku masoko mpuzamahanga.
Urubyiruko rujya gushaka akazi mu mahanga
Ikindi kibazo gikomeje guteza impaka ni icy’urubyiruko rw’Abarundi rujya gushaka akazi muri Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Sudani y’Epfo, ibihugu by’Abarabu ndetse n’i Burayi.
Hari abajya gukora mu buhinzi, ubworozi, ubwubatsi, mu ngo, mu nganda no mu mirimo y’ubwikorezi. Hari n’abahura n’akarengane, guhembwa amafaranga make, kwamburwa ibyangombwa cyangwa gukora badafite amasezerano abarengera.
Perezida Ndayishimiye anenga urubyiruko ruva mu Burundi rukajya gukora imirimo rushobora no gukorera imbere mu gihugu. Yibaza impamvu umuntu yava mu Burundi akajya guhinga muri Tanzania, kandi no mu Burundi hari ubutaka bwo guhinga.
Yagize ati: “Mbwira uburyo umuntu ava mu Burundi akajya guhinga muri Tanzania kandi no mu Burundi duhinga. Imirimo yo gukora mu Burundi irahari.”
Yatanze kandi urugero rw’abashoramari bo mu Burundi bashobora gukenera abakozi b’abanyamahanga mu bworozi, mu gihe hari Abarundi bajya mu bihugu nk’ibyo gushaka akazi.
Ariko abasesengura ubukungu bavuga ko kwimuka k’urubyiruko kudaterwa n’ubunebwe gusa. Akenshi abantu bareba umushahara, uko bahembwa ku gihe, umutekano w’akazi, amahirwe yo kwizigamira n’ubushobozi bwo gufasha imiryango ya bo. Umurimo ushobora kuba uhari mu Burundi, ariko ugatanga amafaranga make cyangwa ukabura ibikoresho byo kuwukora.
Ikibazo gikomeye kuri Leta ni ugushyiraho imirimo itanga umusaruro n’umushahara ushobora gutunga umuntu. Ni na ngombwa kugirana amasezerano n’ibihugu byakira abakozi b’Abarundi, kugira ngo abajya gukorera hanze bagende mu buryo bwemewe kandi uburenganzira bwabo burindwe.
Abahinzi barataka ibura ry’ifumbire
Ubuhinzi ni inkingi y’ubukungu bw’u Burundi, ariko abahinzi bo mu bice bitandukanye by’igihugu bakomeje gutaka ibura ry’ifumbire.
Mu buryo busanzwe, abahinzi babanza kwishyura ifumbire mbere y’uko bayihabwa. Hari abavuga ko bamara amezi menshi, rimwe na rimwe umwaka, batarabona ifumbire bishyuye. Iyo igihembwe cy’ihinga kirangiye itarabageraho, bahomba amafaranga kandi umusaruro wa bo ukagabanuka.
Perezida Ndayishimiye avuga ko igice cy’ifumbire kibura kubera abantu bayinyereza, bakayihisha cyangwa bakayambutsa imipaka mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko.
Yagize ati: “Ese ntitwagiye dufata ifumbire yashowe muri Tanzania? Ntitwagiye tuyifata yashowe mu Rwanda?”
Yongeyeho ko hari abacuruzi bandikisha abaturage, bakakira ifumbire mu mazina ya bo, nyuma bakayihisha mu bubiko kugira ngo bazayigurishe ku giciro cyo hejuru.
Iyo mikorere yangiza gahunda yo gufasha abahinzi, kuko ifumbire iba yagenewe kongera umusaruro igera ku isoko ry’umukara. Abahinzi bafite ubushobozi buke ni bo babihomberamo cyane, kuko batabasha kuyigura ku giciro cyikubye inshuro nyinshi.
Mu mpera z’umwaka ushize, Minisitiri ushinzwe imari, Alain Ndikumana, yanagaragaje impungenge ku mafaranga agera kuri miliyari 50 z’amafaranga y’u Burundi, ni ukuvuga hafi miliyoni 16.9 z’amadolari, uruganda FOMI rukora ifumbire rwishyuza Leta. Yavuze ko hakenewe ibisobanuro bihagije ku buryo ayo mafaranga yabazwe.
Iki kibazo kigaragaza ko gukemura ibura ry’ifumbire bisaba kongera umusaruro w’inganda gusa bidahagije. Hakenewe no kunoza urutonde rw’abahinzi, kugenzura ububiko, gukurikirana ifumbire kuva ku ruganda kugeza ku muturage no guhana abayinyereza.
Umubano w’u Burundi n’u Rwanda
Mu kiganiro cye, Perezida Ndayishimiye yanagarutse ku mubano w’u Burundi n’u Rwanda, umaze igihe urangwa n’ibirego bya politiki n’umutekano.
Yagize ati: “Abarundi n’Abanyarwanda ni abavandimwe.”
Yavuze ko nta kibazo cyagombye gutandukanya abaturage b’ibihugu byombi, ariko ashimangira ko hari amasezerano yagiranye n’abayobozi b’u Rwanda agomba kubanza gushyirwa mu bikorwa.
Ati: “Nta kindi mbabaza, mbabaza gusa niba bataratekereza gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo twumvikanye. Niba bashaka amahoro tuzayakira, niba bashaka intambara na yo tuzayakira.”
U Burundi bushinja u Rwanda guha icumbi no gufasha abayobozi b’umutwe wa RED-Tabara urwanya ubutegetsi bwa Gitega ukoresheje intwaro. U Rwanda rurabihakana, rukavuga ko rudashyigikira umutwe uwo ari wo wose ugamije guhungabanya u Burundi.
Ku rundi ruhande, u Rwanda rwagiye rushinja u Burundi gukorana n’umutwe wa FDLR ukorera mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo. FDLR irimo bamwe mu bakekwaho kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. U Burundi na bwo burahakana ibyo birego.
Muri Mutarama 2024, u Burundi bwafunze imipaka ya bwo yo ku butaka n’u Rwanda, nyuma y’igitero RED-Tabara yari yashinjwe kugaba ku butaka bw’u Burundi. Ifungwa ry’imipaka ryahungabanyije urujya n’uruza rw’abantu n’ibicuruzwa, cyane cyane abaturage bo mu turere twegeranye n’umupaka bari basanzwe bagenderanira cyangwa bahahirana.
Amakimbirane yo mu burasirazuba bwa RDC na yo akomeza kugira ingaruka ku mubano w’ibihugu byombi. U Burundi bwohereje ingabo muri RDC ku masezerano bufitanye na Kinshasa, mu gihe ikibazo cy’imitwe ya M23, FDLR na RED-Tabara gikomeje kongera kutizerana mu karere.
Mu 2025, impande zombi zatangaje ko hari ibiganiro bigamije kugabanya amagambo akarishye no gukumira ko umwuka mubi wavamo imirwano. Icyakora, kubaka icyizere kirambye bizasaba ibiganiro bihoraho, kugenzura ibirego by’umutekano no kubahiriza amasezerano impande zombi zigezeho.
Nyuma y’imyaka itandatu Ndayishimiye ayobora u Burundi, ishusho y’igihugu igaragaza ibintu bibiri bitandukanye. Ku ruhande rumwe, Leta ivuga ko ubuhinzi, ubworozi, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro n’imiyoborere y’ubukungu byatangiye gutanga umusaruro. IMF na Banki y’Isi na byo byemeza ko hari izamuka ry’ubukungu no kugabanuka k’umuvuduko w’izamuka ry’ibiciro.
Ku rundi ruhande, abaturage benshi baracyahanganye n’ibura rya lisansi, ifumbire nke, ibiciro biri hejuru, ubushomeri n’ubuke bw’amafaranga y’amahanga. Urubyiruko rukomeje kujya gushaka akazi hanze, mu gihe umubano n’u Rwanda ugikeneye ibisubizo bya dipolomasi.
Amagambo ya Perezida Ndayishimiye agaragaza ko abona igihugu kiri kugana mu cyerekezo cyiza. Ariko igipimo nyakuri cy’intambwe yatewe kizagaragarira ku buryo ubuzima bw’umuturage busanzwe buhinduka: niba lisansi izaboneka, umuhinzi akabona ifumbire ku gihe, urubyiruko rukabona akazi gahemba kandi ibiciro bikaba bihwanye n’amikoro y’abaturage.
Ibitekerezo